Cesarean section and risk of postpartum depression: A meta-analysis

Objective: The association of cesarean section (CS) with the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) remains controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the association between CS and the risk of PPD. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases for relevant articles up to November 2016. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with fixed-effects model or random-effects model. Results: A total of 28 studies from 27 articles involving 532,630 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled OR of the association between CS and PPD risk was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.16-1.36). In subgroup analyses stratified by study design [cohort studies: (1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.41); case-control studies: (1.25, 95% CI: 1.00-1.56); cross-sectional studies: (1.44, 95% CI: 1.14-1.82)] and adjustment status of complications during pregnancy [adjusted for: (L29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.48); not-adjusted for: (1.24, 95% CI: 1.13-1.36)], the above mentioned associations remained consistent. The pooled ORs of PPD were 1.15 (95% CI: 0.92 L43) for elective cesarean section (E1CS) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.33-1.62) for emergency cesarean section (EmCS). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that CS and EmCS increase the risk of PPD. Further evidence is needed to explore the associations between the specific types of CS and the risk of PPD.