Three-dimensional curvy electronics created using conformal additive stamp printing

Electronic devices are typically manufactured in planar layouts, but many emerging applications, from optoelectronics to wearables, require three-dimensional curvy structures. However, the fabrication of such structures has proved challenging due, in particular, to the lack of an effective manufacturing technology. Here, we show that conformal additive stamp (CAS) printing technology can be used to reliably manufacture three-dimensional curvy electronics. CAS printing employs a pneumatically inflated elastomeric balloon as a conformal stamping medium to pick up pre-fabricated electronic devices and print them onto curvy surfaces. To illustrate the capabilities of the approach, we use it to create various devices with curvy shapes: silicon pellets, photodetector arrays, electrically small antennas, hemispherical solar cells and smart contact lenses. We also show that CAS printing can be used to print onto arbitrary three-dimensional surfaces.