Intra- and Intermolecular Charge Transfer in a Novel Dimer: Cooperatively Enhancing Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity

Based on s-indaceno[1,2,3-cd;5,6,7-c'd']diphenalene (1) consisting of two phenalenyl moieties, the monomer 2 and its dimer 2(2) are designed by boron and nitrogen atoms substituting the central carbon atoms of phenalenyl moieties. Calculated energy decompose analysis (EDA) shows that the orbital interaction for 2(2) possesses a large attractive contribution of-18.31 kcal mol(-1), which is dominated by the pi-pi stacking interaction between the upper and the lower pi-conjugated units. Interestingly, the natural population analysis (NPA) charge and the transition density matrix (TDM) show that both intramolecular charge transfer and intermolecular charge transfer (CT) exist in 2(2). Further, the first hyperpolarizability (beta(tot) = 4.56 X 10(4) au) of 2 with intramolecular CT is greatly larger than that of reported molecule 3 (5.45 X 10(3) au) with intermolecular CT. Significantly, 2(2) exhibits the largest beta(tot) value to be 1.42 x 10(5) au, which is caused by combining the intra- and intermolecular CT transitions (beta(x) = 1.40 x 10(5) au and fix = 2.27 x 10(4) au). Correspondingly, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) -> lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (intramolecular CT) in the low-energy electronic transition of 2(2) is 68%, while HOMO -> LUMO + 1 (intermolecular CT) is 18%, which demonstrates that the intramolecular CT effect on the beta(tot) value is stronger than the case of the intermolecular CT effect. The present work might provide rich insight into designing and developing potential second-order optical nonlinearity materials with inter- and intramolecular CT characters.