An immunohistochemical analysis of the effects of androgen receptor knock out on gubernacular differentiation in the mouse

Aim: Cryptorchidism affects 2%-4% of newborn boys and causes infertility and cancer. While normal androgen function is required for successful inguinoscrotal descent, its exact role on gubemacular morphology remains unidentified. We aimed to decipher the effect of androgen blockade on the gubemaculum and surrounding structures. Methods: Genetically modified mice with androgen receptor knock out (ARKO) were sectioned at ages E17, D0, and D2 for immunohistochemical analysis and D4 for morphological analysis (with ethical approval; A644). Mutants and control littermates were labeled with Ki67, Desmin, and Pax7 to identify the degree of gubernaculuar eversion and the composition of the growth center in the gubernaculum, using light or confocal microscopy. Results: Androgen blockade prevented gubernacular eversion in all animals aged between E17 and D2 when compared to wild types. Furthermore, a growth center was visible, as indicated by a 'swirl' of immature fibroblasts, in D2 animals but was absent in ARKO mice. Moreover, the gubernacular cord was seen to increase in ARKO mice when compared to wild types and increased in size with age. There were no labeling differences in the antibodies tested for gubemacular differentiation. Conclusion: Gubemacular eversion in rodents prior to inguinoscrotal migration was androgen dependent, as well as maintenance of gubernacular cord length. This study shows that androgen blockade causes cryptorchidism in mice by preventing gubernacular eversion and possibly by preventing shortening of the gubernacular cord. Altering the morphology of the gubemaculum in response to androgen clearly contributes to the clinical problem of cryptorchidism. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.