An Asymptotic Derivation of a Single Particle Model with Electrolyte

The standard model of a lithium-ion battery, the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model, is computationally expensive to solve. Typically, simpler models, such as the single particle model (SPM), are used to provide insight. Recently, there has been a move to extend the SPM to include electrolyte effects to increase the accuracy and range of applicability. However, these extended models are derived in an ad-hoc manner, which leaves open the possibility that important terms may have been neglected so that these models are not as accurate as possible. In this paper, we provide a systematic asymptotic derivation of both the SPM and a correction term that accounts for the electrolyte behavior. Firstly, this allows us to quantify the error in the reduced model in terms of ratios of key parameters, from which the range of applicable operating conditions can be determined. Secondly, by comparing our model with ad-hoc models from the literature, we show that existing models neglect a key set of terms. In particular, we make the crucial distinction between writing the terminal voltage in pointwise and electrode-averaged form, which allows us to gain additional accuracy over existing models whilst maintaining the same degree of computational complexity. (C) 2019 The Electrochemical Society.