Mapping contention: Mining property expansion, Amerindian land titling, and livelihood hybridity in Guyana's small-scale gold mining landscape

A rapid expansion in small-scale gold mining properties over the landscape since the late-2000s has generated new social and environmental pressures for both titled and untitled Amerindian communities in Guyana. Some commentators in Guyana claim that these negative impacts are 'governance problems' related to lapses in the monitoring of mining, a poor application and understanding of existing rules and rights, and delays in the Amerindian land titling process. However, using examples from two Amerindian villages in Guyana and employing extensive spatial Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data, this article shows that these problems are rather rooted in deeper institutional and political biases against Amerindian notions of customary land and the ongoing privileging of mineral interests over other tenure types. The article nevertheless argues that resolving tensions between miners and Amerindian communities over land titling is being hamstrung by the perpetuation of binary framings of these claims according to which they are legitimate only when they are grounded in 'traditional' motivations. As a way of moving beyond this impasse, the article suggests recognizing the 'hybridity' of indigenous livelihoods and the legitimacy of indigenous participation in mining as necessary steps in re framing debates on indigenous communities and mining.