Oil encapsulation techniques using alginate as encapsulating agent: applications and drawbacks

Oils are used in agriculture, nutrition, food and cosmetics; however, these substances are oxidisable and may readily lose their properties. To reduce their degradation or to mask certain undesirable aspects, one strategy consists in encapsulating the oil in inert structures (capsules). The capsules are classified according to the morphology, the number of cores and size, can be produced by several techniques: jet-cutting, vibrating jet, spray-drying, dispersion and milli-microfluidic. Among the polymers used as a membrane in the capsules, alginates are used in oil encapsulation because of their high gelling capacity, biocompatibility and low toxicity. In the presence of calcium ions, the alginate macromolecules crosslink to form a three-dimensional network called hydrogel. The oil encapsulation using alginate as encapsulating material can be carried out using technologies based on the external, internal or inverse gelation mechanisms. These capsules can found applications in areas as cosmetics, textile, foods and veterinary, for example.