Journal
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
Volume 522, Issue -, Pages 257-266Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.026
Keywords
Bidirectional diffusion; Draw solution; Forward osmosis; Produced water; Scaling
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Funding
- Technology Innovation Program - Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea) [10048900]
- Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials [NK1978]
- Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology (KEIT) [10048900] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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In this study, we investigated the potential of membrane scaling and its reversibility in the FO process for produced water treatment. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and ammonia-carbon dioxide (NH3-CO2) were used as draw solutions to examine the effect of draw solute on membrane scaling behavior when treating model produced water, with a high concentration of calcium ions. While a negligible water flux decline was observed for NaCl draw solution, a severe water flux decline occurred for NH3-CO2 draw solution due to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scaling. Bidirectional solute diffusion analysis and scanning electron microscopy results (SEM) revealed that the CaCO3 scaling formed only on the active layer of the membrane at the feed side due to the reverse diffusion of carbonate species from the draw solution and the high level of removal of Ca2+ by the FO membrane. Scaling formation enhanced the reverse diffusion of draw solutes implying a significant loss of draw solutes in the FO process. Osmotic backwashing did not recover the initial water flux by CaCO3 scaling. Although ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) cleaning is effective for scaling, the rapid flux decline indicates that a more fundamental strategy is required for long-term FO operation when NH3-CO2 draw solution is used for water treatment. A two-step FO process (first FO using a NaCl draw solution and second FO using an NH3-CO2 draw solution) was proposed for the pretreatment of feed solution and stable FO operation for shale gas wastewater treatment. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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