Journal
JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/jpm9040046
Keywords
immunology; rheumatoid arthritis; T cells; cytokines; biologic drugs; precision medicine; biomarkers
Funding
- NIHR
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre
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Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a key mediator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, and its discovery led to the development of highly successful anti-TNF therapy. Subsequently, other biologic drugs targeting immune pathways, namely interleukin-6 blockade, B cell depletion, and T cell co-stimulation blockade, have been developed. Not all patients respond to a biologic drug, leading to a knowledge gap between biologic therapies available and the confident prediction of response. So far, genetic studies have failed to uncover clinically informative biomarkers to predict response. Given that the targets of biologics are immune pathways, immunological study has become all the more pertinent. Furthermore, advances in single-cell technology have enabled the characterization of many leucocyte subsets. Studying the blood immunophenotype may therefore, define biomarker profiles relevant to each individual patient's disease and treatment outcome. This review summarises our current understanding of how immune biomarkers might be able to predict treatment response to biologic drugs.
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