Journal
ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY METABOLISM
Volume 63, Issue 6, Pages 568-575Publisher
SBEM-SOC BRASIL ENDOCRINOLOGIA & METABOLOGIA
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000186
Keywords
Growth hormone; tumor microenvironment; DNA damage; neoplastic cell transformation
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Funding
- NIH [DK113998]
- Doris Factor Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory at Cedars-Sinai
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Tumor development is a multistep process whereby local mechanisms enable somatic mutations during preneoplastic stages. Once a tumor develops, it becomes a complex organ composed of multiple cell types. Interactions between malignant and non-transformed cells and tissues create a tumor microenvironment (TME) comprising epithelial cancer cells, cancer stem cells, non-tumorous cells, stromal cells, immune-inflammatory cells, blood and lymphatic vascular network, and extracellular matrix. We review reports and present a hypothesis that postulates the involvement of growth hormone (GH) in field cancerization. We discuss GH contribution to TME, promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, accumulation of unrepaired DNA damage, tumor vascularity, and resistance to therapy.
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