Journal
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 198, Issue 12, Pages 4692-4706Publisher
AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700101
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Funding
- Program for the National Natural Science Foundation of China [31372555, 31472300]
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LZ13C190001]
- Young Talent Cultivation Project of the Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology [2016YCGC003]
- National 111 Project of China
- LiDakSum Marine Biopharmaceutical Development Fund
- K.C. Wong Magna Fund at Ningbo University
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The study of multiple copies of chemokine receptor genes in various teleosts has long appealed to investigators seeking to understand the evolution of the immune system. The CXCR CXCR3 gene has two isoforms, CXCR3.1 and CXCR3.2, which are both expressed in macrophages. The distinct roles of teleost CXCR3s have not been identified previously. In this article, we found that CXCR3.1 and CXCR3.2 differentially contributed to macrophage polarization in the teleosts: ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and spotted green pufferfish (Tetraodon nigroviridis). In ayu macrophages, the P. altivelis CXCR3.1 (PaCXCR3.1) gene was constitutively expressed, whereas the P. altivelis CXCR3.2 (PaCXCR3.2) gene was induced postinfection with Escherichia coli. Upon E. coli infection, PaCXCR3.1 (+) and PaCXCR3.2 (+) macrophages showed an M1 and an M2 phenotype, respectively. CXCL911- like proteins mediated M1 and M2 polarization by interacting with the PaCXCR3.1 and PaCXCR3.2 proteins on macrophages, respectively. The transcription factors P. altivelis STAT1 and P. altivelis STAT3 were activated in PaCXCR3.1 (+) and PaCXCR3.2 (+) macrophages, respectively. Furthermore, the prognosis of septic ayu adoptively transferred with PaCXCR3.2 (+) macrophages was improved. Our data reveal a previously unknown mechanism for macrophage polarization, suggesting that redundant genes may regulate crucial functions in the teleost immune system.
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