Biocides in wastewater treatment plants: Mass balance analysis and pollution load estimation

This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and removal of 19 biocides in ten different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), then estimate the usages and emissions per capita of 19 biocides based on mass balance analysis approach. The results showed that target biocides were universally detected in the WWTPs and their receiving rivers, and 19 for liquid samples and 18 for solid samples. The prominent compound for liquid was DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), with its maximum concentration of 393 ng/L in influent; while that for solid was triclocarban with its maximum concentration of 2.11 x 10(3) ng/g in anaerobic sludge. Most biocides were readily removed from the liquid phase of ten WWTPs, and the mean removal rate to Sigma 19 biocides was up to 75%. The removals of target biocides were attributed to biodegradation and adsorption onto activated sludge. The mean input per capita for Sigma 19 biocides based on influent was 907 mu g/d/person, while the emissions per capita were 187 mu g/d/person for effluent, and 121 mu g/d/person for excess sludge. As demonstrated, the biocides contamination of the receiving rivers could pose potential ecological risks for aquatic organisms. Therefore, advanced wastewater treatment technologies should be developed to reduce the emission of biocides into the receiving environment. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.