Application of nanoscale zero valent iron and iron powder during sludge anaerobic digestion: Impact on methane yield and pharmaceutical and personal care products degradation

Lab scale and single stage high-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge spiked with freshly synthesized nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) and commercial iron powder (IP) under mesophilic condition (37 +/- 1 degrees C) was performed. The effects of both additives on methane yield, and pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) removal were investigated. Results showed that methane yield was increased by 25.2% and 40.8% in the presence of nZVI (0.1%) and IP (1.6%), respectively. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand were 54.4% and 66.2% in the presence of nZVI and IP, respectively, which were higher compared to the control group (44.6%). In addition, most PPCPs could be partly or completely removed during the anaerobic digestion process. The application of nZVI and IP showed positive impact on the removal of chlorinated PPCPs (p <0.05), but did not show significant impact on other PPCPs (p > 0.05). Our finding suggests that the application of nZVI and IP in anaerobic digestion could be a promising way to enhance methane yield but had less improvement on PPCP degradation. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.