Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 330, Issue -, Pages 116-126Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.02.005
Keywords
Constructed wetlands; Pharmaceuticals; Micropollutants; Elimination; Plant uptake
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Funding
- European Union (European Social Fund - ESF)
- Greek national funds through the Operational Program Education and Lifelong Learning of the National Strategic Reference Framework THALES: WATERMICROPOL
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The fate of four antimicrobials (cefadroxil, CFD; metronidazole, METRO; trimethoprim, TRI; sulfamethoxazole, SMX) was studied in Lemna minor systems and the role of different mechanisms on their removal was evaluated. All micropollutants were significantly removed in batch experiments with active Lemna minor; the highest removal was observed for CFD (100% in 14 d), followed by METRO (96%), SMX (73%) and TRI (59%) during 24 d of the experiment. Calculation of kinetic constants for hydrolysis, photodegradadon, sorption to biomass and plant uptake revealed significant differences depending on the compound and the studied mechanism. For METRO, TRI and SMX the kinetic constants of plant uptake were by far higher comparing to those of the other mechanisms. The transformation products of antimicrobials were identified using UHPLC-QToF-MS. Two were the main degradation pathways for TRI; hydroxylation takes place during both phyto- and photodegradation, while demethylation occurs only in absence of Lemna minor. The operation of a continuous-flow duckweed system showed METRO and TRI removal equal to 71 +/- 11% and 61 +/- 8%, respectively. The application of mass balance and the use of published biodegradation constants showed that plant uptake and biodegradation were the major mechanisms governing METRO removal; the most important mechanism for TRI was, plant uptake. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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