Journal
DEVELOPMENT
Volume 142, Issue 19, Pages 3274-3285Publisher
COMPANY BIOLOGISTS LTD
DOI: 10.1242/dev.114249
Keywords
Reprogramming; Development; iPSC; Stem cell
Categories
Funding
- Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT)
- MEXT
- Funding Program for World-Leading Innovative Research and Development in Science and Technology (First Program) of the JSPS
- Core Center for iPS Cell Research, Research Center Network for Realization of Regenerative Medicine
- World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI), MEXT
- Japan Foundation for Applied Enzymology
- iPS Cell Research Fund
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During development, cells transition from a pluripotent to a differentiated state, generating all the different types of cells in the body. Development is generally considered an irreversible process, meaning that a differentiated cell is thought to be unable to return to the pluripotent state. However, it is now possible to reprogram mature cells to pluripotency. It is generally thought that reprogramming is accomplished by reversing the natural developmental differentiation process, suggesting that the two mechanisms are closely related. Therefore, a detailed study of cell reprogramming has the potential to shed light on unexplained developmental mechanisms and, conversely, a better understanding of developmental differentiation can help improve cell reprogramming. However, fundamental differences between reprogramming processes and multi-lineage specification during early embryonic development have also been uncovered. In addition, there are multiple routes by which differentiated cells can re-enter the pluripotent state. In this Review, we discuss the connections and disparities between differentiation and reprogramming, and assess the degree to which reprogramming can be considered as a simple reversal of development.
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