Constraints on direction-dependent cosmic birefringence from Planck polarization data

Cosmic birefringence is the process that rotates the plane of polarization by an amount, alpha, as photons propagate through free space. Such an effect arises in parity-violating extensions to the electromagnetic sector, such as the Chern-Simons term common in axion models, quintessence models, or Lorentz-violating extensions to the standard model. Most studies consider the monopole of this rotation, but it is also possible for the effect to have spatial anisotropies. Paying particular attention to large scales, we implement a novel pixel-based method to extract the spherical harmonics for L <= 30 and a pseudo-C L method for L > 30. Our results are consistent with no detection and we set 95% upper limits on the amplitude of a scale-invariant power spectrum of L (L + 1) C-L/2 pi < [2.2 (stat.) +/- 0.7 (syst.)] x 10(-5) = [0.07 (stat.)+/- 0.02 (syst.)] deg(2), on par with previous constraints. This implies specific limits on the dipole and quadrupole amplitudes to be root C-1/4 pi less than or similar to 0.degrees 2 and root C-2/4 pi less than or similar to 0.degrees 1, at 95% CL, respectively, improving previous constraints by an order of magnitude. We further constrain a model independent M = 0 quadrupole in an arbitrary direction to be alpha(2) 0 = 0.degrees 02 +/- 0.degrees 21, with an unconstrained direction. However, we find an excess of dipolar power with an amplitude root C-1/4 pi - 0.degrees 32 +/- 0.degrees 10 (stat.) +/- 0.degrees 08 (syst.), in the direction (l; b) = (295 degrees; 17 degrees) +/- (22 degrees; 17 degrees) (stat.) +/- (5 degrees; 16 degrees) (syst.), larger than 1.4% of simulations with no birefringence. We attribute part of this signal to the contamination of residual foregrounds not accounted for in our simulations, although this should be further investigated.