Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING
Volume 68, Issue -, Pages 573-588Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TSP.2020.2964234
Keywords
Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO); detection; minimum mean square error (MMSE); recursive conjugate gradient; very-large-scale integration (VLSI); wireless communications
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [61834002]
- National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFB2202101]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
Minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) detection is increasingly relevant for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. MMSE suffers from high computational complexity and low parallelism because of the increasing number of users and antennas in massive MIMO systems. This paper proposes a recursive conjugate gradient (RCG) method to iteratively estimate signals. First, a recursive conjugate gradient detection algorithm is proposed that achieves high parallelism and low complexity through iteration. Second, a quadrant-certain-based initial method that improves detection accuracy without added complexity is proposed. Third, an approximated log likelihood ratio (LLR) computation method is proposed to achieve simplified calculation. The analyses show that compared with related methods, the proposed RCG algorithm reduces computational complexity and exploits the potential parallelism. RCG is mathematically demonstrated to achieve low approximated error. Based on the RCG method, an architecture is proposed in a 64-QAM massive MIMO system. First, a parallel processing element array with single-sided input is adopted; this array eliminates the throughput limitation. Second, a deeply pipelined user-level method based on the recursive conjugate gradient method is proposed. Third, an approximated architecture is proposed to compute the soft output. The architecture is verified on an FPGA and fabricated on with TSMC 65 CMOS technology. The chip achieves 2.6 energy efficiency (throughput/power) and area efficiency (throughput/area), respectively, which are 2.39 to 10.60 those of the normalized state-of-the-art designs.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available