Graphene quantum dots for energy storage and conversion: from fabrication to applications

As a new kind of zero-dimensional (0D) material, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have broad prospects in energy storage and conversion due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In addition to the excellent properties of graphene, GQDs also have quantum confinement effects and edge effects. The size of GQDs and types of their edges determine their excellent properties. In this paper, the progress in the synthesis, doping and modification methods of GQDs in recent years is reviewed, and the significant advances of GQDs in energy conversion devices such as supercapacitors/microsupercapacitors, solar cells, batteries and LEDs are summarized. In addition, we rationally analysed the shortcomings of GQDs for energy storage and conversion, and predicted the future development trend of GQD research and its challenges and opportunities.