Journal
CATALYSIS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 700-709Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02376c
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Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [21871236]
- program of Young Key Teacher of Universities in Henan Province [2019GGJS015]
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Mg-Sn-Beta zeolites with different Mg/Sn molar ratios were prepared from the parent deAl-Beta by a coimpregnation method. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N-2 physisorption, ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the -OH region and probe molecule (pyridine, CD3CN and CHCl3) adsorption. The results indicate that Mg2+ and Sn4+ can react with silanol nests and incorporate into the framework of Beta zeolite. Moreover, it is relatively facile to incorporate Sn4+ into the framework. The framework metal sites generate Lewis (L) acid sites; however, the L acid strength of the framework Mg2+ is weaker than that of framework Sn4+. A small amount of Mg2+ interacts with isolated silanols to form extraframework species. Therefore, the introduction of Mg2+ results in a significant reduction in silanol defects and an increase in L acidity/basicity of Mg-Sn-Beta. Mg-Sn-Beta with Mg/Sn molar ratio of 1 has the least silanol defects. In the conversion of glucose to methyl lactate (MLA), Mg-Beta is less active than Sn-Beta due to its weaker L acidity. The TOF value for MLA formation increased in the order of Sn-Beta < 0.25Mg-Sn-Beta approximate to 4Mg-Sn-Beta < 1Mg-Sn-Beta, which is closely related to the amount of silanol defects in the catalysts. A kinetic study indicates that the apparent activation energy of the retro-aldol of fructose to MLA, which is the rate-determining step of glucose conversion to MLA, decreases over Mg-Sn-Beta compared to that over Sn-Beta and thus, the formation of MLA was promoted.
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