Journal
ARTHRITIS RESEARCH & THERAPY
Volume 22, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-2110-9
Keywords
Rheumatoid arthritis; 14-3-3 eta; TNF-alpha; Necroptosis; Macrophage
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare of Japan
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, through UOEH Grant for Advanced Research
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Background 14-3-3 eta is an intracellular protein also detected in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is closely related to disease activity and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody levels. However, the main source of 14-3-3 eta and the mechanism of its release into the extracellular space remain unclear. Addressing these two points was the main goal of the current study. Methods The source of 14-3-3 eta was investigated by immunostaining RA synovial tissue. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes, CD4(+) cells, and macrophages were selected as candidates among the various cell types in the synovial tissue. Phosphorylation of mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) and cell death of macrophages were studied by phalloidin staining and electron microscopy after stimulation with an oxidative stress inducer (diamide) or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Extracellular 14-3-3 eta protein levels were examined by western blotting. Results Macrophages from the synovial tissue from RA, but not osteoarthritis, showed dense and widespread cytoplasmic staining for the 14-3-3 eta protein, co-localized with peptidylarginine deiminase 4. Swelling and membrane rupture of macrophages were induced by treatment with TNF-alpha, but not interleukin (IL) 6/soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). Increased MLKL phosphorylation followed by necroptosis was also induced in TNF-alpha-stimulated macrophages. Necrostatin-1, a necroptosis inhibitor, antagonized MLKL phosphorylation. High levels of 14-3-3 eta were detected in the culture supernatants of macrophages stimulated with diamide and TNF-alpha, but not IL-6/sIL-6R. Conclusions Macrophages that highly express 14-3-3 eta undergo TNF-alpha-induced necroptosis with damage to the cellular structure, resulting in the secretion of 14-3-3 eta into the extracellular space. The current study provides a novel mechanism for 14-3-3 eta level increase in the RA synovial fluid.
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