Fabrication of red phosphorus anode for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries based on TiN/TiP2-enhanced interfacial kinetics

Red phosphorus (RP) is an ideal anode for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity (2596 mA h g(-1)) and suitable lithiation potential (0.7 V vs. Li/Li+). We embedded amorphous soft RP nanoparticles in the hard and micro-sized TiN nanosheet as well as CNT via high-energy ball milling, thus, TiP2 layer was fabricated at the interface of RP and TiN. This in-situ formed conductive TiP2 substantive layer enhances Li+ diffusion, improves the interfacial stability of RP, and inhibits the side reaction between P and electrolytes. Thus the RP/TiN/CNT electrode shows excellent fast-charging and long-term cycling performances, such as, a high fast-charging retention of 92.6% from the 5th to 200th cycles with charging current density of 8 A g(-1) (= 3 C rate, about 3 min) and discharging current density of 0.15 A g(-1), and a 96.9% capacity retention from 3rd to 850th cycles at 2.3 A g(-1).