Journal
JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 292, Issue 14, Pages 5970-5980Publisher
AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M116.774588
Keywords
enzyme catalysis; hydrogen bond; pyridoxal phosphate; quantum chemistry; X-ray crystallography
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Funding
- DOE Office of Science [DE-AC02-06CH11357]
- United States Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
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Pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) is a fundamental, multifunctional enzyme cofactor used to catalyze a wide variety of chemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. PLP-dependent enzymes optimize specific chemical reactions by modulating the electronic states of PLP through distinct active site environments. In aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), an extended hydrogen bond network is coupled to the pyridinyl nitrogen of the PLP, influencing the electrophilicity of the cofactor. This network, which involves residues Asp-222, His-143, Thr-139, His-189, and structural waters, is located at the edge of PLP opposite the reactive Schiff base. We demonstrate that this hydrogen bond network directly influences the protonation state of the pyridine nitrogen of PLP, which affects the rates of catalysis. We analyzed perturbations caused by single- and double-mutant variants using steady-state kinetics, high resolution X-ray crystallography, and quantum chemical calculations. Protonation of the pyridinyl nitrogen to form a pyridinium cation induces electronic delocalization in the PLP, which correlates with the enhancement in catalytic rate in AAT. Thus, PLP activation is controlled by the proximity of the pyridinyl nitrogen to the hydrogen bond microenvironment. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that Asp-222, which is directly coupled to the pyridinyl nitrogen, increases the pK(a) of the pyridine nitrogen and stabilizes the pyridinium cation. His-143 and His-189 also increase the pK(a) of the pyridine nitrogen but, more significantly, influence the position of the proton that resides between Asp-222 and the pyridinyl nitrogen. These findings indicate that the second shell residues directly enhance the rate of catalysis in AAT.
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