Management of Strawberry Anthracnose Using Plant Essential Oils as Bio-fungicides, and Evaluation of Their Effects on Quality of Strawberry Fruit

Colletotrichum nymphaeae is the causal agent of strawberry anthracnose, which is one of the most important disease affecting strawberry plant in Iran. This research aimed to apply the selected plant essential oils (EOs) such as Achillea millefolium, Mentha longifidia, and Ferules kuma to the management of strawberry anthracnose disease under in vitro, in viva, and greenhouse conditions. In vitro tests indicated that all the EOs and fungicide were able to inhibit mycelia! growth and conidial germination of the pathogen. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that EOs significantly suppressed the mycelia growth and caused a change in morphology of fungal mycelia. The severity of strawberry anthracnose disease was significantly (p <= 0.05) reduced by all EOs under in vivo and greenhouse conditions. Results of all experiments showed that M. lonaolia EO was the best EO to control C. nymphaeae. Also, EOs almost reduced weight loss and preserved firmness, ascorbic acid, total phenol, antioxidant activity (DPPH), and enzyme peroxidase activity in treated fruit. Moreover, EOs preserved the sensory quality of strawberry fruit during the storage period so that there were no significant differences between treatments (EOs) in their appearance, flavor, odor attributes, and overall evaluation compared to the control. Our results indicate that EOs are excellent bio-fungicides for the management of strawberry anthracnose.