Symmetry breaking and skyrmionic transport in twisted bilayer graphene

Motivated by recent low-temperature magnetoresistance measurements in twisted bilayer graphene aligned with hexagonal boron nitride substrate, we perform a systematic study of possible symmetry breaking orders in this device at a filling of two electrons per moire unit cell. We find that the surprising nonmonotonic dependence of the resistance on an out-of-plane magnetic field is difficult to reconcile with particle-hole charge carriers from the low-energy bands in symmetry broken phases. We invoke the nonzero Chern numbers of the twisted bilayer graphene flat bands to argue that skyrmion textures provide an alternative for the dominant charge carriers. Via an effective field theory for the spin degrees of freedom, we show that the effect of spin Zeeman splitting on the skyrmion excitations provides a possible explanation for the nonmonotonic magnetoresistance. We suggest several experimental tests, including the functional dependence of the activation gap on the magnetic field, for our proposed correlated insulating states at different integer fillings. We also discuss possible exotic phases and quantum phase transitions that can arise via skyrmion pairing on doping such an insulator.