Journal
JOURNAL OF AGING AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Volume 25, Issue 3, Pages 446-452Publisher
HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC
DOI: 10.1123/japa.2016-0193
Keywords
aquatic exercise; physical activity; physical fitness; flow-mediated dilation; glycemic control
Categories
Funding
- Government Research Budget Chulalongkorn University [GRB-APS-21-58-39-01]
- 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University, Rachadapisek Sompote Fund [GCUGR1125572070D]
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Microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular disease. Twenty-nine older patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned into the land-based (LB; n = 14) or water-based (WB; n = 15) groups. Both groups completed supervised aerobic cycling exercises three times per week for 12 weeks. The WB group performed cycling exercise training in warm water (36 degrees C) immersed to the hip level. After 12 weeks, blood glucose concentration and insulin resistance did not change but hemoglobin A1c levels decreased (P < .05) in both groups. Plasma nitric oxide concentrations increased (P < .05) in both groups. Flow-mediated dilation in the popliteal artery increased and arterial stiffness decreased (P < .05) in both exercise groups. Indices of microvascular reactivity improved (P < .05) only in the WB group. The benefits of warm water-based training were similar in general, and superior in some measures, to the more established land-based cycling exercise.
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