Effects of sodium chloride on rheological behaviour of the gemini-like surfactants

The gemini-like surfactants have been constructed by compounding N-erucamidopropyl-N,N-dimethylamine (UC(22)AMPM) and o-phthalic acid (o-PA), m-phthalic acid (m-PA), or p-phthalic acid (p-PA), and are denoted as o-EAPA, m-EAPA, and p-EAPA, respectively. It is well known that inorganic salts have significant effects on surfactant aggregates, and herein the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on gemini-like surfactants is explored by rheological and dynamic light scattering measurements, and cryo-TEM. It is found that the viscoelasticity of the EAPA systems first increases and then decreases with an increase of the NaCl concentration. And the optimal NaCl concentrations for these three systems are in the order of o-EAPA < m-EAPA < p-EAPA due to different spacer distances between the two carboxyl groups in the phthalic acid. Similar trends in the N,N-dimethyl oleoaminde-propylamine (DOAPA) and o-PA, m-PA, or p-PA systems were also observed. The results show that an appropriate NaCl concentration will promote gemini-like surfactants to form wormlike micelles (WLMs). Upon further increasing the NaCl concentration, the WLMs transform into vesicles. Excessive NaCl concentration will cause the surfactant systems to reach their cloud point and make the surfactants precipitate out. The mechanism of the effects of NaCl is that Cl- reduces the electrostatic repulsion between the headgroups of the surfactants. This work is helpful in understanding the effects of inorganic salts on the surfactants and this study is useful for exploring the practical applications of gemini-like surfactants.