Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL
Volume 894, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8474
Keywords
Magnetohydrodynamical simulations; Interstellar medium; Galaxy fountains; Galaxy winds; Stellar feedback
Categories
Funding
- ITS, SERB, Government of India
- Simons Foundation [CCA 528307]
- NASA ATP grant [NNX17AG26G]
- Australian Research Council [DP190101258, FT180100375]
- Kavli Foundation
- Simons Foundation
- NASA High-End Computing (HEC) Program through the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at Ames Research Center
- Princeton Institute for Computational Science and Engineering (PICSciE)
- Office of Information Technology's High Performance Computing Center
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center - Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- NASA [NNX17AG26G, 1001624] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
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Galactic outflows produced by stellar feedback are known to be multiphase in nature. Observations and simulations indicate that the material within several kiloparsecs of galactic disk midplanes consists of warm clouds embedded within a hot wind. A theoretical understanding of the outflow phenomenon, including both winds and fountain flows, requires study of the interactions among thermal phases. We develop a method to quantify these interactions via measurements of mass, momentum, and energy flux exchanges using temporally and spatially averaged quantities and conservation laws. We apply this method to a star-forming interstellar medium simulation based on the TIGRESS framework, for solar neighborhood conditions. To evaluate the extent of interactions among the phases, we examine the validity of the ballistic model, which predicts the trajectories of the warm phase (5050 K < T < 2 x 10(4) K) treated as non-interacting clouds. This model is successful at intermediate vertical velocities (50 km s(-1) less than or similar to vertical bar nu(z)vertical bar less than or similar to 100 km s(-1)), but at higher velocities, we observe an excess in simulated warm outflow compared to the ballistic model. This discrepancy cannot be fully accounted for by cooling of high-velocity, intermediate-temperature (2 x 10(4) K < T < 5 x 10(5) K) gas. We examine the fluxes of mass, momentum, and energy and conclude that the warm phase gains mass via cooling of the intermediate phase and momentum from the hot (T > 5 x 10(5) K) phase. The large energy flux from the hot outflow, transferred to the warm and intermediate phases, is quickly radiated away. A simple interaction model implies an effective warm cloud size in the fountain flow of a few 100 pc, showing that warm-hot flux exchange mainly involves a few large clouds rather than many small ones.
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