Facile fabrication of a vanadium nitride/carbon fiber composite for half/full sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries with long-term cycling performance

Vanadium-based composite anodes have been designed for applications in alkali metal ion batteries, including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, the problems of inferior long-term cycling stability caused by the large volume change and dissolution of vanadium-based active materials during cycles and slow diffusion for large radii of Na+ and K+ still limit their underlying capability and need to be addressed. In the present work, we initially designed and fabricated a vanadium nitride/carbon fiber (VN/CNF) composite via a facile electrospinning method followed by the ammonization process. The obtained VN/CNF composite anode exhibited excellent half/full sodium and potassium storage performance. When used as an anode material for SIBs, it delivered a high capacity of 403 mA h g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) after 100 cycles and as large as 237 mA h g(-1) at 2 A g(-1) even after 4000 cycles with negligible capacity fading. More importantly, the VN/CNFs//Na3V2(PO4)(3) full cell by coupling the VN/CNF composite anode with the Na3V2(PO4)(3) (NVP) cathode also exhibited a desirable capacity of 257 mA h g(-1) at 500 mA g(-1) after 50 cycles. Besides, when further evaluated as an anode for PIBs, the VN/CNF composite anode achieved a large capacity of 266 mA h g(-1) after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g(-1) and maintained a stable capacity of 152 mA h g(-1) at 1 A g(-1) even after 1000 cycles, showing significant long-term cycling stability. This is one of the best performances of vanadium-based anode materials for SIBs and PIBs reported so far.