Quasi-hemispherical region scanning phased array system using triangular SIW antenna elements with short ends

A phased array system with quasi-hemispherical region scanning performance is proposed. The proposed system is implemented using triangular substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) elements with short ends, which have a quasi-hemispherical beam pattern. Shorted vias at the vertex and side of the triangular patch were made to act as SIW antennas, generating magnetic currents characterized by radiating to a quasi-hemisphere pattern. The measured results show that the prototype planar phased array has scanning ranges of about 160 degrees in both horizontal and vertical planes, and about 170 degrees in both two diagonal direction planes, with 5 dB gain fluctuation.