High and reversible oxygen uptake in carbon dot solutions generated from polyethylene facilitating reactant-enhanced solar light harvesting

Solar-driven photocatalysis is emerging as a key chemical transformation strategy due to its favourable energy economy. However, in photocatalytic oxidation reactions where molecular oxygen (O-2) is a reactant, achieving higher efficiency requires an O-2-saturated environment in order to maintain a high oxygen level on the catalyst surface, necessitating an additional energy-consuming step of O-2 separation from air. Here we show that in the presence of carbon quantum dots (CQDs), the oxygen content and the ability of O-2 to diffuse in water increase significantly. We first demonstrate a novel strategy to convert several grams of polyethylene, a stubborn pollutant, into highly photoactive CQDs by stepwise dehydrogenation and graphitization. In a typical CQD concentration of similar to 1 mg ml(-1), the oxygen level in water reaches similar to 640 mu M, double that of pure water inferring an extremely high O-2 content of similar to 1 wt% associated with CQDs under ambient conditions. Therefore, when the CQDs were used to catalyze photo-oxidation of aromatic alcohols by sunlight, the efficiency was found higher than previous instances despite those employing high oxygen pressure, temperature and expensive materials. Besides waste polyethylene utilization, the uniqueness of oxygen enrichment in CQD solutions may offer immense prospects including those in photo-oxidation reactions.