The family of phytochrome-like photoreceptors: diverse, complex and multi-colored, but very useful

Bilin-dependent GAF domain photoreceptors cover the whole spectrum of light with their absorbance properties. They can be divided into three groups according to the domain architecture of their photosensory module. Group I and Group II harbor phytochromes with PAS-GAF-PHY and GAF-PHY domain architecture, respectively. Group Ill consists of stand-alone GAF domain photoreceptors, the cyanobacteriochromes. Crystal structures of all three groups are now available to shed light on possible downstream signaling pathways. Structures of Group I and Ill photoreceptors in both states display changes in the secondary structures during photoconversion. The knowledge about the photoconversion in phytochromes and CBCRs make them promising targets for applications in life science and synthetic biology.