Journal
IEEE ACCESS
Volume 8, Issue -, Pages 111027-111041Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3002147
Keywords
Fluids; Neutrons; Rocks; Tomography; Frequency modulation; Radar detection; Geologic measurements; rock porosity; microwave propagation; non-destructive testing; radar applications; radar measurements; neutron tomography
Categories
Funding
- Energy Technology Partnership (ETP) [ETP 87/B12S10307]
- Maersk/Total S. A. [ETP 87/B12S10307]
- EPSRC Project [B16R12502]
- Laboratoire 3SR through the NeXT-Grenoble Project - French National Research Agency [ANR-15-IDEX-02]
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Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in the K-band has been shown to be an effective detector of geomaterial physical properties being highly sensitive to rock characteristics, particularly mineral composition and, for porous rock, variations in liquid water content. This research demonstrates that contrasts in FMCW return signals with time correlate with changes in geomaterial water content. FMCW signal returns were acquired for porous sandstone samples subjected to controlled water injection while also in a neutron beam, taking advantage of the well-known, and well-calibrated, attenuation of neutrons by hydrogen atoms for the water-containing porous sandstone samples. The sequential neutron tomographic images clearly show water moving up the sample with time while the FMCW observations show increases in radar reflection coefficient as a function of water position in the field of view. The observed FMCW detection of flood-front position is corroborated by the synchronous neutron tomographic images. We also observe repeatable variations in the radar reflection coefficient as a function of sample orientation during fluid injection, verifying that FMCW sensing offers real-time insight into the interactions between fluid movement and sample heterogeneity, via non-contact and non-invasive flood-front tracking. This research demonstrates that FMCW has potential to be a more accessible and easily deployable sensing modality than neutron tomography, enabling dynamic geomaterial testing to be conducted outwith the confines of the highly controlled laboratory environment required for neutron investigation.
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