Journal
JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY
Volume 167, Issue 9, Pages -Publisher
ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC
DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ab9941
Keywords
Li deposition; overtemperature testing; safety characteristics; Li plating
Funding
- United States Office of Vehicle Technologies
- U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-NA-0003525]
- U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA [89233218CNA000001]
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Li deposition at the graphitic anode is widely reported in literature as one of the leading causes of capacity fade in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Previous literature has linked Li deposition resulting from low-temperature ageing to diminished safety characteristics, however no current research has probed the effects of Li deposition on the abuse response of well-characterized cells. Using overtemperature testing, a relationship between increased concentrations of Li deposition and exacerbated abuse response in 1 Ah pouch cells has been established. A novel Li deposition technique is also investigated, where cells with n:p < 1 (anode-limiting) have been cycled at a high rate to exploit Li(+)diffusion limitations at the anode. Scanning Electron Microscopy of harvested anodes indicates substantial Li deposition in low n:p cells after 20 cycles, with intricate networks of Li(s) deposits which hinder Li(+)intercalation/deintercalation. Peak broadening and decreased amplitude of differential capacity plots further validates a loss of lithium inventory to Li(+)dissolution, and Powder X-ray Diffraction indicates Li(+)intercalation with staging in anode interstitial sites as the extent of Li deposition increases. A cradle-to-grave approach is leveraged on cell fabrication and testing to eliminate uncertainty involving the effects of cell additives on Li deposition and other degradation mechanisms.
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