Optimal Power Flow Solution With an Embedded Center-Node Unified Power Flow Controller Using an Adaptive Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes an adaptive grasshopper optimization algorithm (AGOA) for solving the optimal power flow (OPF) problem with the optimal incorporation of a center-node unified power flow controller (C-UPFC). The C-UPFC which is an advanced flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device is inserted in series with a transmission line (TL) at its midpoint for providing the power flow control together with independent voltage control. The proposed AGOA is based on applying the Levy flight distribution and spiral path orientation of search agents to the traditional grasshopper optimization algorithm (GOA) to diminish the stagnation problem of the basic GOA at local optima and enhance its searching ability. Therefore, this AGOA technique is implemented for optimal sizing and siting of the C-UPFC on standard IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus systems as well as 26-bus system, and then compared with other well-known techniques to verify its effectiveness. To assess the installation of the C-UPFC in a power system, the optimal capacities and locations of the C-UPFC are determined for different objective functions, such as the fuel cost, fuel cost with a valve point loading effect (VPLE), piecewise cost and emission. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is more efficient and superior for OPF solution compared with the other algorithms reported in the literature. Furthermore, the optimal integration of the C-UPFC in the power system is considerably minimizing the power loss and improving the voltage profile.