Journal
BIOLOGY-BASEL
Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/biology9030059
Keywords
autophagy; biomarkers; pathology; disease
Categories
Funding
- Bernese Cancer League
- Stiftung fur klinisch-experimentelle Tumorforschung
- Werner and Hedy Berger-Janser Foundation for Cancer Research
- Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII)
- FEDER funds from the EU [PI14/01085, PI17/00093]
- Miguel Servet contract by ISCIII
- FSE funds [CPII16/00023]
- Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [RTI2018-096748-B-100]
- University Professor Training Fellowship, Ministry of Science, Innovation and University, Government of Spain [FPU17/00026]
- ISCIII [PI16/00090, PI19/01266]
- Andalusian Government (Consejeria de Igualdad, Salud y Politicas Sociales) [PI-0198-2016]
- Biomedical Research Network Center for Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd)
- European Development Regional Fund (EDRF) A way to achieve Europe
- Breakthrough Cancer Research, Ireland funding
- State Plan for RD + I2013-2016 [PI18/00442]
- ISCIII
- ERDF, a way to make Europe
- Luxembourg National Research Fund [C18/BM/12670304/COMBATIC]
- Northern Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE) [NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013]
- FEDER, through the COMPETE [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028159, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030782]
- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)
- ARRS-the Slovenian research agency [P1-0140]
- Swiss Cancer Research [KFS-3360-02-2014, KFS-3409-02-2014]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [31003A_173219]
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [31003A_173219] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
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Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation mechanism that is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. In human disease, autophagy pathways are frequently deregulated and there is immense interest in targeting autophagy for therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, there is a need to determine autophagic activity in human tissues, an endeavor that is hampered by the fact that autophagy is characterized by the flux of substrates whereas histology informs only about amounts and localization of substrates and regulators at a single timepoint. Despite this challenging task, considerable progress in establishing markers of autophagy has been made in recent years. The importance of establishing clear-cut autophagy markers that can be used for tissue analysis cannot be underestimated. In this review, we attempt to summarize known techniques to quantify autophagy in human tissue and their drawbacks. Furthermore, we provide some recommendations that should be taken into consideration to improve the reliability and the interpretation of autophagy biomarkers in human tissue samples.
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