Journal
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH
Volume 42, Issue 4, Pages 1524-1535Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/er.3941
Keywords
acid base flow battery; bipolar membrane; co-ion transport; energy efficiency; ion exchange membranes; renewable energy storage; sustainable materials
Categories
Funding
- Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs
- Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment
- Province of Fryslan
- Northern Netherlands Provinces
- Blue Energy
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An increasing fraction of energy is generated by intermittent sources such as wind and sun. A straightforward solution to keep the electricity grid reliable is the connection of large-scale electricity storage to this grid. Current battery storage technologies, while providing promising energy and power densities, suffer from a large environmental footprint, safety issues, and technological challenges. In this paper, the acid base flow battery is re-established as an environmental friendly means of storing electricity using electrolyte consisting of NaCl salt. To achieve a high specific energy, we have performed charge and discharge cycles over the entire pH range (0-14) at several current densities. We demonstrate stable performance at high energy density (2.9Wh L-1). Main energy dissipation occurs by unwanted proton and hydroxyl ion transport and leads to low coulombic efficiencies (13%-27%).
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