Brown carbon in atmospheric fine particles in Yangzhou, China: Light absorption properties and source apportionment

Light absorbing organic carbon, a.k.a., brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to air quality deterioration and global radiative forcing. This work studied optical, chemical properties and sources of BrC in fine particles (PM2.5) collected in Yangzhou, China. The light absorption coefficient at 365 nm of methanol-soluble organics (Abs(365,WSOC)) and water-soluble organics (Abs(365,WSOC)) were 13.50 +/- 7.03 M/m and 6.08 +/- 4.30 M/m, respectively. Mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE(365)) of methanol-soluble BrC (1.12 +/- 0.35 m(2)/gC) was also higher than water-soluble BrC (0.75 +/- 0.29 m(2)/g C). For water-soluble BrC, both Abs(365) and MAE(365) generally decreased with increases of its oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios and oxidation states (OSc), indicative of photo-bleaching upon chemical ageing. Positive responses of Abs(365,WSOC) and MAE(365,WSOC) to nitrogento-carbon (N/C) ratios and water-soluble organic nitrogen (ON) contents reveal that ON species are important BrC chromophores. A multiple linear regression model was applied to apportion Abs(365,WSOC) to contributions of different factors resolved from positive matrix factorization on water-soluble organic aerosols (OA), and obtained MAE(365) values of different OA factors. Overall, primary OA sources including traffic (18.9%), biomass burning (23.7%), and cooking-related OA (10.5%) together dominated the AbS(365,WSOC) despite their total mass contribution was only about one third (31.9%). The largest single contributor of Abs(365,WSOC) however, was the less-oxidized secondary OA (33.8%); the more-oxidized secondary OA factor dominated water-soluble OA mass (50.8%), yet its light absorptivity was the weakest and contributed only 13.1% of Abs(365,WSOC).