Journal
LANCET
Volume 396, Issue 10250, Pages 565-582Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
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Funding
- US National Institutes of Health [DK074970, DK107444, AG026572, AG057931, AG059093, AG053589, HL105339, HL114501, HL132825, AG062333, NS08779, NS096493, HD057022, HL119380, AG060730, CA174737]
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Awards [BX003725, CX001532]
- Swedish Research Council [2019-01059]
- Anna Fischer Dueckelman guest professorship at the University of Zurich
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Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, disease progression, and response to treatment. This Review discusses the fundamental influences of sex and gender as modifiers of the major causes of death and morbidity. We articulate how the genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences of biological sex influence physiology and disease, and how the social constructs of gender affect the behaviour of the community, clinicians, and patients in the health-care system and interact with pathobiology. We aim to guide clinicians and researchers to consider sex and gender in their approach to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases as a necessary and fundamental step towards precision medicine, which will benefit men's and women's health.
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