Degeneracy, matter coupling, and disformal transformations in scalar-tensor theories

Degenerate scalar-tensor theories of gravity extend general relativity by a single degree of freedom, despite their equations of motion being higher than second order. In some cases, this is a mere consequence of a disformal field redefinition carried out in a nondegenerate theory. More generally, this is made possible by the existence of an additional constraint that removes the would-be ghost. It has been noted that this constraint can be thwarted when the coupling to matter involves time derivatives of the metric, which results in a modification of the canonical momenta of the gravitational sector. In this paper we expand on this issue by analyzing the precise ways in which the extra degree of freedom may reappear upon minimal coupling to matter. Specifically, we study examples of matter sectors that lead either to a direct loss of the special constraint or to a failure to generate a pair of secondary constraints. We also discuss the recurrence of the extra degree of freedom using the language of disformal transformations in particular for what concerns veiled gravity. On the positive side, we show that the minimal coupling of spinor fields is healthy and does not spoil the additional constraint. We argue that this virtue of spinor fields to preserve the number of degrees of freedom in the presence of higher derivatives is actually very general and can be seen from the level decomposition of Grassmann-valued classical variables.