Emission characterization of size-resolved particles in a pre-school classroom in relation to children's activities

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of children's daily activity patterns on the size-resolved indoor particles in a pre-school classroom, qualitatively and quantitatively. Real-time particle number size distribution data in conjunction with activity were collected experimentally in a pre-school classroom during two seasons: late spring and early winter. We divided daily activities into six groups: Arrival, Large Group, Small Group, Naptime, Dismissal and Unoccupied. The concentration variation forms of coarse particles were compared qualitatively among activity groups. The results indicated that noteworthy coarse particle concentration variations were observed during each activity group. These variations were caused by four factors: presence/absence of children, variation in the number of children, activity intensity and presence of sources. The emission rates were estimated to quantify the impact of activities. Time series emission rates were deduced from the piecewise-constant inputs and outputs model. The piecewise-constant emission rates were averaged for sequential parts to reduce noise and ensure daily repeated peaks were not missed. The sequential part-constant emission rates were consistent with previously described particle number concentration variation results and the predicted indoor particle number concentration data with sequential part-constant emission rates agreed well with measured data.