Novel Anti-platelet Agents in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Mechanisms of Action and Opportunities to Tailor Therapy

Dual anti-platelet therapy, most commonly aspirin and clopidogrel, has been the standard of care for over a decade in patients who have experienced acute coronary syndrome, particularly when treated with coronary stenting. However, residual risk in patients receiving dual anti-platelet therapy post-acute coronary syndrome raises an unmet need for alternative therapy to clopidogrel. Consequently, novel anti-platelets agents including the P2Y12 receptor antagonists, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, have emerged. Furthermore, using new methods to assess genetic polymorphisms and functional phenotypic assessments of platelet reactivity may become important in the development of personalized medicine and in developing tailored approaches to individual treatment. While robust large-scale evidence for genotypic-and phenotypic-guided therapy in improving outcomes is currently lacking, tremendous interest from various stake-holders including researchers, funding agencies, and industry continues to spur research endeavors in this arena. Further investigation is required in this emerging field to potentially offer improved platelet inhibition that may optimize cardioprotection and minimize bleeding risk in patients with acute coronary syndrome.