Journal
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
Volume 98, Issue 11, Pages -Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa288
Keywords
cattle; embryo transfer; fertility; in vitro fertilization
Categories
Funding
- Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive grant from the United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture [2017-67015-26452]
- Zoetis
- National Institutes of Health
- L.E. Red Larson Endowment
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Typically, bovine embryos are transferred into recipient females about day 7 after estrus or anticipated ovulation, when the embryo has reached the blastocyst stage of development. All the biological and technical causes for failure of a female to produce a blastocyst 7 d after natural or artificial insemination (AI) are avoided when a blastocyst-stage embryo is transferred into the female. It is reasonable to expect, therefore, that pregnancy success would be higher for embryo transfer (ET) recipients than for inseminated females. This expectation is not usually met unless the recipient is exposed to heat stress or is classified as a repeat-breeder female. Rather, pregnancy success is generally similar for ET and AI. The implication is that either one or more of the technical aspects of ET have not yet been optimized or that underlying female fertility that causes an embryo to die before day 7 also causes it to die later in pregnancy. Improvements in pregnancy success after ET will depend upon making a better embryo, improving uterine receptivity, and forging new tools for production and transfer of embryos. Key to accelerating progress in improving pregnancy rates will be the identification of phenotypes or phenomes that allow the prediction of embryo competence for survival and maternal capacity to support embryonic development.
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