Journal
GREEN CHEMISTRY
Volume 22, Issue 20, Pages 7093-7108Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/d0gc02286a
Keywords
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Funding
- US Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) Fellowship
- USDA-NIFA project [2017-67009-26771, A6131]
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program at National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
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A simple and scalable method for producing graphite anode material for lithium-ion batteries is developed and demonstrated. A low-cost, earth abundant iron powder is used to catalyze the conversion of softwood, hardwood, cellulose, glucose, organosolv lignin, and hydrolysis lignin biomaterials to crystalline graphite at relatively low temperatures (<1200 degrees C). Biographite materials are characterized and compared based on graphite mass yield, graphite crystallite size, degree of graphitization, graphite uniformity, iron catalyst distribution, and graphite morphology. Particle size, heating method, and intermediate liquid phase formation, among other factors, play important roles in the graphitization process. Molten eutectic iron carbides solubilize disordered carbon and precipitate graphite platelets of crystallite size comparable to commercial graphite. Softwood-derived biographite is of the highest quality and demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance as anode material in a lithium-ion coin cell with 89% capacity retention over 100 cycles and > 99% coulombic efficiency.
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