Fast hybrid particle-in-cell technique for pulsed-power accelerators

Hybrid-implicit particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithms permit the simulation of complex problems involving both kinetic and fluid plasma regimes over large spatial and temporal scales. Fluid electrons can be computationally fast where and when fluid assumptions are valid. Additional flexibility is obtained if discrete PIC macroparticles, with velocities advanced by either fluid or kinetic equations, are permitted to dynamically migrate between the two descriptions based on phase space criteria. Ideally, these migrations result in energetic particles treated kinetically and dense thermal plasma particles as a fluid. With an energy-conserving particle advance, resolution of the plasma Debye length is not required for numerical accuracy or stability. For pulsed-power applications, the simulation time step is usually constrained by the electron cyclotron frequency, not the more restrictive plasma frequency. A new implicit technique permits accurate particle orbits even at highly underresolved cyclotron frequencies. Thus, greater temporal and spatial scales can be accurately modeled relative to conventional PIC techniques. In this paper, we describe the hybrid PIC technique and fully electromagnetic, hybrid simulations of plasma evolution and current shunting in an idealized accelerator designed for driving a Z-pinch load. The dynamics of electrode heating, electron transport, and surface contaminant evolution are studied in a series of relativistic hybrid-implicit PIC simulations. These dynamics can lead to the shunting of current before reaching the Z-pinch load, thus degrading load performance. Examining two previously published power flow problems, we compare results from fully kinetic, multifluid, and hybrid kinetic-fluid simulations and discuss the computational performance of these three options. The key thrust of the work is to identify possible computational acceleration, through hybrid methods, required for accelerator understanding and design.