Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL
Volume 64, Issue 1, Pages 177-191Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2620492
Keywords
Energy estimation; passive acoustic mapping; quantitative passive cavitation detection; spectral analysis
Categories
Funding
- NIH [KL2TR000078, K25HL133452, R21EB008483, R01HL074002, R01HL059586, R01NS047603, R01CA158439]
- Focused Ultrasound Foundation [319R1]
- American Heart Association [16SDG27250231]
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Passive cavitation detection has been an instrumental technique for measuring cavitation dynamics, elucidating concomitant bioeffects, and guiding ultrasound therapies. Recently, techniques have been developed to create images of cavitation activity to provide investigators with a more complete set of information. These techniques use arrays to record and subsequently beamform received cavitation emissions, rather than processing emissions received on a single-element transducer. In this paper, the methods for performing frequency-domain delay, sum, and integrate passive imaging are outlined. The method can be applied to any passively acquired acoustic scattering or emissions, including cavitation emissions. To compare data across different systems, techniques for normalizing Fourier transformed data and converting the data to the acoustic energy received by the array are described. A discussion of hardware requirements and alternative imaging approaches is additionally outlined. Examples are provided in MATLAB.
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