Broadband alternating current photovoltaic effect: An application for high-performance sensing and imaging body aches

Optoelectronic devices that can remotely sense discomfort or damage inside the human body are needed to improve the quality of human life. Herein, we report on the effective utilization of the alternating current photovoltaic effect to design self-powered, broadband photodetector with high detectivity (approximate to 10(11) Jones) and a rise/decay time of 80/120 mu s. The underlying working mechanism is attributed to quasi-Fermi level splitting and realignment caused by inhomogeneous absorption-induced imbalanced carrier generation, as was confirmed using Kelvin probe force microscopy and electrostatic force microscopy measurements. More importantly, the device was used to design and demonstrate a proof-of-concept real-time ultrafast (similar to 7 ms) system for sensing and imaging body aches. Our simple, energy-efficient, and effective approach to the fabrication of this system with novel functionality can be easily integrated into existing planar structures, and the system has potential for use in medical, optical communication, digital display, and sensing applications.