Crystal shape engineering of anatase TiO2 and its biomedical applications

As an important metal oxide, titanium dioxide (TiO2), particularly in the anatase phase, has been extensively investigated and utilized in many technological applications due to its excellent physicochemical properties. The surface properties of TiO2 materials, as well as their performance in various applications, are largely determined by the exposed external surfaces, and thus crystal shape engineering is paramount for this type of material. This review summarizes the recent progress in designing and fabricating anatase TiO2 crystals from the perspectives of thermodynamically and kinetically controlled routes. Furthermore, a bio-inspired technique is also highlighted, which would open up a new field for the growth of single crystals with unique morphology. The strength of crystal shape engineering of anatase TiO2 in biomedical applications is also identified, revealing opportunities for continued research and specific areas where significant advancements are needed.