Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
Volume 39, Issue 9, Pages 1880-1891Publisher
IEEE COMPUTER SOC
DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2613862
Keywords
Photometric stereo; scattering medium; fluorescence
Funding
- US National Science Foundation [ATM-0941760]
- ONR [N00014-15-1-2013]
- W.M. Keck Foundation
- UC San Diego Center for Visual Computing
- Ministry of Science, Technology and Space [3-12487]
- Technion Ollendorff Minerva Center for Vision and Image Sciences
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Photometric stereo is widely used for 3D reconstruction. However, its use in scattering media such as water, biological tissue and fog has been limited until now, because of forward scattered light from both the source and object, as well as light scattered back from the medium (backscatter). Here we make three contributions to address the key modes of light propagation, under the common single scattering assumption for dilute media. First, we show through extensive simulations that single-scattered light from a source can be approximated by a point light source with a single direction. This alleviates the need to handle light source blur explicitly. Next, we model the blur due to scattering of light from the object. We measure the object point-spread function and introduce a simple deconvolution method. Finally, we show how imaging fluorescence emission where available, eliminates the backscatter component and increases the signal-to-noise ratio. Experimental results in a water tank, with different concentrations of scattering media added, show that deconvolution produces higher-quality 3D reconstructions than previous techniques, and that when combined with fluorescence, can produce results similar to that in clear water even for highly turbid media.
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