Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY
Volume 16, Issue 6, Pages 991-998Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TNANO.2017.2725383
Keywords
Hybrid coupler; interferometer; low noise amplifier (LNA); SMM
Categories
Funding
- EU [PEOPLE-2012-ITN-317116]
- Bio-SMM FFG [846532]
- FWF [P 28018-B27]
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P 28018] Funding Source: researchfish
- Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [P28018] Funding Source: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
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A systematic and quantitative comparison of electrical detection systems in scanning microwave microscopy is reported. Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is capable of investigating nanoscale electrical properties with high accuracy over a broad frequency range of 1-20 GHz. However, due to the passive matching network only discrete frequencies can be used every 1 GHz with varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here we study in detail the impedance matching mechanism using an interferometric network where a two-port measurement is implemented with a reduction of the trace noise due to signal subtraction. The interferometer setup shows superior performance resulting in a 2-8 fold increased SNR with respect to the standard shunt solution, in addition to stable broadband performance over the full frequency range. We perform a comparison of the electrical sensitivity obtained using a direct connection from the network analyser to probe, the typically implemented shunt-resonator impedance matching network, and the proposed interferometer setup. The interferometer SMM allows us also for calibrated impedance measurements, which we demonstrate on Tobacco mosaic viruses with 18-nm diameter, with a capacitance resolution of 0.67 attoFarads at 10 ms acquisition time per pixel.
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