Zearalenone disrupts the placental function of rats: A possible mechanism causing intrauterine growth restriction

Zearalenone is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by a variety of Fusarium fungi. There is evidence that exposure to zearalenone can cause intrauterine growth restriction, but little is known about the mechanism in the rat placenta caused by zearalenone. From gestational day 14-21, female Sprague Dawley rats (60 days old) were gavaged with zearalenone (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day body weight). Zearalenone dose-dependently reduced serum LH and FSH levels of dams at >= 5 mg/kg. RNA-seq and qPCR showed that zearalenone significantly down-regulated Slc38a1 expression at 2.5 mg/kg, Echs1 and Pc at 10 mg/kg, as well as Slc1a5, Cd36, Ldlr, Hadhb, and Cyp17a1 expression at a dose of 20 mg/kg, while it up-regulated the expression of Notch signal (Dvl1 and Jag 1). After zearalenone treatment, their proteins showed a similar trend. Zearalenone reduced the phosphorylation of AKT1, ERK1/2, and mTOR at 5 mg/kg or higher and 4EBP1 at 5 mg/kg. Zearalenone also increased BECLIN1, LC3B, and p62 levels and elevated BAX/BCL2 and CASP3/PROCASP3 ratios. In conclusion, zearalenone disrupts placental function such as reduction of nutrient transport and lipid metabolism possibly via AKT1/ERK1/2/mTOR-mediated autophagy and apoptosis.